2013), and certain endocrine-disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (Westerhoff et al. 2007), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors (Krasner et al. Accurate modeling of reactor residence time is necessary to construct models of treatment efficacy for balancing disinfection with disinfection byproduct formation and for oxidative degradation of emerging contaminants such as algal toxins (Rodríguez et al. Reactor hydraulics are also fundamental to more recent developments in the drinking water field, including treating contaminants of emerging concern and planned wastewater reuse. In addition to improving reactor design and operation, this understanding of reactor hydraulics has served as a foundation for regulating the performance of water treatment reactors (Harrington et al. Improved design and operation of water treatment reactors through a more detailed understanding of reactor hydraulics has been the subject of education and research for over four decades (Trussell & Chao 1977, Weber 1972). Applications of reactor networks include more accurate approaches to disinfection regulation and modeling the degradation of emerging contaminants. The modeling work revealed that tracer data sets may have overestimated baffle factors by >10% in 10 of the 14 full-scale reactors, potentially as a result of inaccurate measurement of flow rate or volume. Reactor networks accurately represented tracer data using between two and eight fitting parameters, while segregated flow analysis required 32–164 inputs (two per tracer data point). For seven of 14 full-scale reactors, two parallel tanks-in-series reactors best balanced accuracy and simplicity. Reactor networks were selected for 14 clearwells, ozone contactors, clarifiers, and filters using tracer data sets from literature. This work uses reactor networks-conceptual reactors arranged in parallel and series combinations-to simplify the accurate modeling of residence time in water treatment reactors. Reactor hydraulics are integral to water treatment processes such as disinfection and chemical contaminant oxidation.
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